Sisymbrium officinale.   Hedge Mustard   Family: Brassicaceae   
PART USED: Herb
ODOR and  TASTE: Mustard like.
INDICATIONS
1. Hoarseness, weak lungs and to help the voice.[1]
PREPARATIONS
Liquid extract 2-4 ml.[1]
ORIGIN  Europe
DESCRIPTION Flowers are about 3 mm in diameter, with pale yellow petals in the shape of a cross, followed by the pods which are 6-20 mm long. The stems are long and spreading and the rosette leaves deeply pinnately lobed.
References
Constituents
Research
Sisymbrium officinale-ReportEMA.pdf

Pharmacological and phytochemical study on a Sisymbrium officinale Scop. extract.
Di Sotto A, Vitalone A, Nicoletti M, Piccin A, Mazzanti G.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
The aerial parts of Sisymbrium officinale Scop. are commonly used to treat airway ailments, moreover in antiquity the herbal drug was reputed to possess anticancer properties. The results obtained in present work support the traditional use and the properties ascribed to Sisymbrium officinale.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
In order to give a scientific basis to the traditional uses of Sisymbrium officinale, this study was aimed to evaluate in vitro the myorelaxant activity, the antimicrobial properties and the antimutagenic effect of an aqueous dry extract of the aerial parts of the plant. A phytochemical characterization of the extract was also performed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The myorelaxant activity was studied against the contractions induced by carbachol, histamine and leukotriene C(4), in isolated guinea-pig trachea. The antimicrobial activity was tested against six bacteria and one yeast. The Ames test, performed by the preincubation method, was used to study the antimutagenic activity of the extract by its capability to inhibit the mutagenic effect of 2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, methyl methanesulfonate and 2-aminoanthracene, in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed by TLC and HPLC.
RESULTS:
Sisymbrium officinale showed to reduce the chemically-induced contractions of isolated guinea-pig trachea with major potency against leukotriene C(4) and histamine. The extract did not show any antibacterial activity. The Ames test showed a strong antimutagenic activity against 2-aminoanthracene, in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA and in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strains. The phytochemical study highlighted the presence of putranjivine, the glucosinolate marker of Sisymbrium officinale, and of proline.
CONCLUSIONS:
The myorelaxant activity of Sisymbrium officinale offers a scientific basis to its use in traditional medicine. The strong antimutagenic effect suggests further studies to evaluate its possible chemopreventive activity.
PMID: 19969059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.001 J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Feb 17;127(3):731-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.001. Epub 2009 Dec 5. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 
Hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale): chemical diversity of volatiles and their antimicrobial activity.
Blazevic I, Radonic A, Mastelic J, Zekic M, Skocibusic M, Maravic A.
Abstract
Volatile compounds of hedge mustard (Sysimbrium officinale) have been investigated for the first time. Forthy-two compounds were identified after hydrodistillation (without or upon autolysis) after gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. In addition, after decoction and hydrolysis of O-glycosides, 18 volatile O-aglycones were identified. In general, the main volatiles found in hydrodistillates were: isopropyl isothiocyanate (27.6-48.9%), 2-methylpropanenitrile (0.5-18.8%), (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol (0.5-18.0%), sec-butyl isothiocyanate (4.9-9.4%), (E)-hex-2-enal (3.5-8.6%), (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol (0.3-8.4%), octanoic (0.5-8.6%) and dodecanoic acid (0-5.0%), 2-methylbutanenitrile (0-4.6%), dibutyl phthalate (0-4.5%), and ethyl linolenate (0-3.6%). The main volatile O-aglycones were: 2-phenylethyl alcohol (21.5%), 6,7-dehydro-7,8-dihydro-3-oxo-alpha-ionol (9.3%), eugenol (8.3%), benzyl alcohol (7.0%), ethyl vanillate (5.2%), 6-(tert-butyl)-5-methylphenol (5.1%), vanillin acetone (4.7%), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (4.3%), and 2-hydroxy-beta-ionone (3.8%). All hydrodistillates exhibited great potential of antibacterial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria, nine ampicillin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and four fungi at a concentration of 500 microg/ml using the disc diffusion method.
PMID: 20730965 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900234  Chem Biodivers. 2010 Aug;7(8):2023-34. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.200900234. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Isothiocyanates and Glucosinolates from Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (“the Singers’ Plant”): Isolation and in Vitro Assays on the Somatosensory and Pain Receptor TRPA1 Channel
Gigliola Borgonovo, Nathan Zimbaldi, Marta Guarise, Patrizia De Nisi, Luciano De Petrocellis, Aniello Schiano Moriello and Angela Bassoli*
Abstract
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. is a wild common plant of the Brassicaceae family. It is known as “the singers’ plant” for its traditional use in treating aphonia and vocal disability. Despite its wide use in herbal preparations, the molecular mechanism of action of S. officinale extracts is not known. The plant is rich in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, which are supposed to be its active compounds. Some members of this family, in particular allylisothiocyanate, are strong agonists of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is involved in the somatosensory perception of pungency as well as in the nociception pathway of inflammatory pain. This study aims to isolate the glucosinolates and isothiocianates from fresh S. officinale to identify the major components and test their activity in in vitro assays with a cloned TRPA1 channel. Samples of cultivated S. officinale have been extracted and the active compounds isolated by column chromatography, HPLC and PTLC. The main components glucoputranjivin, isopropylisothiocyanate and 2-buthylisothiocianate have been tested on TRPA1. The glucosinolates glucoputranjivin and sinigrin turned out to be inactive, while isopropylisothiocyanate and 2-buthylisothiocyanate are potent agonists of TRPA1, with an EC50 in the range of the high potency natural agonists identified so far for this somatosensory channel.
Molecules 2019, 24(5), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050949 Published: 8 March 2019 https://www.mdpi.com

Evaluation of Two Wild Populations of Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.) as a Potential Leafy Vegetable
Marta Guarise*, Gigliola Borgonovo, Angela Bassoli and Antonio Ferrante
Abstract
The minimally processed industry is always looking for produce innovation that can satisfy consumer needs. Wild leafy vegetables can be a good source of bioactive compounds and can be attractive for the consumer in term of visual appearance and taste. In this work, Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., commonly called hedge mustard, was grown in a greenhouse and evaluated as a potential leafy vegetable. Two wild populations, Milano (MI) and Bergamo (BG), were grown in peat substrate and harvested at the commercial stage for the minimally processing industry. Leaf pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids were determined as well as chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Total sugars, antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, phenolic index, total phenols, anthocyanins, and nitrate were determined at harvest. Significant differences between wild populations were found in April with higher nitrate content in BG, 2865 mg/kg FW than in MI, 1770 mg/kg FW. The nitrate levels of S. officinale measured in the present study are significantly lower than the maximum NO3 level allowed in other fresh leafy vegetables. Ascorbic acid measured in November was higher in MI compared BG with values of 54.4 versus 34.6 mg/100 g FW, respectively. The chlorophyll a fluorescence data showed that BG reached optimal leaf functionality faster than MI. Overall results indicated that Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. can be suggested as a potential leafy vegetable for the minimally processed industry.
Horticulturae 2019, 5(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010013 Published: 1 February 2019 mdpi.com